The reference materials used throughout the Cardiometabolic Risk Assessment:

1.     Shalaurova I, Connelly MA, Garvey WT, Otvos JD. Lipoprotein insulin resistance index: a lipoprotein particle-derived measure of insulin resistance. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014;12:422-9.

2.     Garvey WT, Kwon S, Zheng D, et al. Effects of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on lipoprotein subclass particle size and concentration determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Diabetes 2003;52:453-62.

3.     Mackey RH, Mora S, Bertoni AG, et al. Lipoprotein particles and incident type 2 diabetes in the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Diabetes Care 2015;38:628-36.

4.     Harada PHN, Demler OV, Dugani SB, et al. Lipoprotein insulin resistance score and risk of incident diabetes during extended follow-up of 20 years: The Women's Health Study. J Clin Lipidol 2017;11:1257-67 e2.

5.     Dugani SB, Akinkuolie AO, Paynter N, Glynn RJ, Ridker PM, Mora S. Association of Lipoproteins, Insulin Resistance, and Rosuvastatin With Incident Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus : Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Cardiol 2016;1:136-45.

6.     Flores-Guerrero JL, Connelly MA, Shalaurova I, et al. Lipoprotein insulin resistance index, a high-throughput measure of insulin resistance, is associated with incident type II diabetes mellitus in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease study. J Clin Lipidol 2019;13:129-37 e1.

7.     Reaven G. Insulin Resistance and Coronary Heart Disease in Nondiabetic Individuals. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 2012;32:1754-9.

8.     Kassi E, Pervanidou P, Kaltsas G, Chrousos G. Metabolic syndrome: definitions and controversies. BMC Med 2011;9:48-.

9.     Gurka MJ, Lilly CL, Oliver MN, DeBoer MD. An examination of sex and racial/ethnic differences in the metabolic syndrome among adults: a confirmatory factor analysis and a resulting continuous severity score. Metabolism 2014;63:218-25.

10.   DeBoer MD, Gurka MJ. Clinical utility of metabolic syndrome severity scores: considerations for practitioners. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2017;10:65-72.

11.   Gurka MJ, Golden SH, Musani SK, et al. Independent associations between a metabolic syndrome severity score and future diabetes by sex and race: the Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities Study and Jackson Heart Study. Diabetologia 2017;60:1261-70.

12.   DeBoer MD, Gurka MJ, Woo JG, Morrison JA. Severity of the metabolic syndrome as a predictor of type 2 diabetes between childhood and adulthood: the Princeton Lipid Research Cohort Study. Diabetologia 2015;58:2745-52.

13.   DeBoer MD, Gurka MJ, Morrison JA, Woo JG. Inter-relationships between the severity of metabolic syndrome, insulin and adiponectin and their relationship to future type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016;40:1353-9.

14.   DeBoer MD, Gurka MJ, Woo JG, Morrison JA. Severity of Metabolic Syndrome as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease Between Childhood and Adulthood: The Princeton Lipid Research Cohort Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015;66:755-7.

15.   DeBoer MD, Gurka MJ, Golden SH, et al. Independent Associations Between Metabolic Syndrome Severity and Future Coronary Heart Disease by Sex and Race. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:1204-5.

16.   DeBoer MD, Filipp SL, Sims M, Musani SK, Gurka MJ. Risk of Ischemic Stroke Increases Over the Spectrum of Metabolic Syndrome Severity. Stroke 2020;51:2548-52.

17.   Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: Executive Summary. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines 2019;73:3168-209.

18.   Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk: The Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). European Heart Journal 2019;41:111-88.

19.   Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, et al. National lipid association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1--full report. J Clin Lipidol 2015;9:129-69.

20.   Sniderman AD, Williams K, Contois JH, et al. A meta-analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B as markers of cardiovascular risk. Circulation Cardiovascular quality and outcomes 2011;4:337-45.

21.   Toth PP, Grabner M, Punekar RS, Quimbo RA, Cziraky MJ, Jacobson TA. Cardiovascular risk in patients achieving low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle targets. Atherosclerosis 2014;235:585-91.

22.   Thanassoulis G, Williams K, Ye K, et al. Relations of change in plasma levels of LDL-C, non-HDL-C and apoB with risk reduction from statin therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. J Am Heart Assoc 2014;3:e000759.

23.   Ellsworth DL, Costantino NS, Blackburn HL, Engler RJM, Kashani M, Vernalis MN. Lifestyle modification interventions differing in intensity and dietary stringency improve insulin resistance through changes in lipoprotein profiles. Obes Sci Pract 2016;2:282-92.

24.   Fernández-Castillejo S, Valls R-M, Castañer O, et al. Polyphenol rich olive oils improve lipoprotein particle atherogenic ratios and subclasses profile: A randomized, crossover, controlled trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016;60:1544-54.

25.   Bhanpuri NH, Hallberg SJ, Williams PT, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factor responses to a type 2 diabetes care model including nutritional ketosis induced by sustained carbohydrate restriction at 1 year: an open label, non-randomized, controlled study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018;17:56-.

26.   Niswender KD, Fazio S, Gower BA, Silver HJ. Balanced high fat diet reduces cardiovascular risk in obese women although changes in adipose tissue, lipoproteins, and insulin resistance differ by race. Metabolism - Clinical and Experimental 2018;82:125-34.

27.   Goldberg R, Temprosa M, Otvos J, et al. Lifestyle and metformin treatment favorably influence lipoprotein subfraction distribution in the Diabetes Prevention Program. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3989-98.

28.   Kitabchi AE, Temprosa M, Knowler WC, et al. Role of insulin secretion and sensitivity in the evolution of type 2 diabetes in the diabetes prevention program: effects of lifestyle intervention and metformin. Diabetes 2005;54:2404-14.

29.   Lloyd-Jones D, Morris P, et al. 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the Role of Nonstatin Therapies for LDL-Cholesterol Lowering in the Management of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022;80(14):1366–1418.

30.   Handelsman Y, Anderson JE, et al. DCRM Multispecialty Practice Recommendations for the management of diabetes, cardiorenal, and metabolic diseases. J Diabetes Complications. 2022 Feb;36(2):108101.